| Year | Treaty/Agreement | Parties Involved | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| 621 CE | Harshavardhana’s Alliance with Xuanzang | Harshavardhana, Emperor of Kannauj and Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist traveler | Prithviraj Chauhan, King of Ajmer, and Muhammad of Ghor |
| 712 CE | Treaty of Pranavati | Lalitaditya Muktapida, King of Kashmir and Arab Caliph | Ended the Arab raids on Kashmir and established a trade relationship between the two regions |
| 1192 CE | Treaty of Tarain | Iltutmish, Sultan of Delhi, and Hammirdeva Chauhan, King of Ranthambore | Prithviraj Chauhan surrendered a part of his territory to Muhammad of Ghor but regained it later |
| 1232 CE | Treaty of Ranthambore | Akbar, Mughal Emperor, and Qutb Shah, Sultan of Golconda | Hammirdeva Chauhan ceded a part of his territory to Iltutmish and agreed to pay tribute |
| 1303 CE | Treaty of Deogarh | Alauddin Khalji, Sultan of Delhi and Karna, King of Mithila | Karna surrendered his kingdom to Alauddin Khalji and embraced Islam |
| 1526 CE | Treaty of Bayana | Babur, Mughal Emperor and Rana Sanga, Rajput ruler | Babur defeated Rana Sanga and established Mughal rule in North India |
| 1532 CE | Treaty of Chittor | Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujarat and Humayun, Mughal Emperor | Humayun ceded Chittor to Bahadur Shah and retreated to Kabul |
| 1564 CE | Treaty of Golconda | Jahangir, Mughal Emperor, and Sikh leader Hargobind | Qutb Shah accepted Mughal suzerainty and agreed to pay tribute |
| 1615 CE | Treaty of Sirhind | Shivaji, Maratha ruler, and Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor | Sirhind was granted to the Sikhs as a religious center and Hargobind agreed to refrain from rebellion |
| 1659 CE | Treaty of Purandar | Robert Clive, British East India Company official, and Mir Jafar, Nawab of Bengal | Shivaji agreed to pay tribute to Aurangzeb and release certain Mughal officials |
| 1713 CE | Treaty of Bassein | Maratha ruler Shahuji and Portuguese Viceroy of Goa | The Portuguese granted the Marathas a territory on the Konkan coast |
| 1756 CE | Treaty of Alliances | Baji Rao II, Maratha ruler, and the British East India Company | Mir Jafar agreed to pay a large sum of money to the British and grant them trading privileges |
| 1763 CE | Treaty of Paris | Great Britain, France and Spain | Ended the Seven Years’ War and reaffirmed British dominance in India |
| 1784 CE | Treaty of Mangalore | Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore and the British East India Company | Ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War and Tipu Sultan ceded some territories to the British |
| 1801 CE | Treaty of Bassein | Baji Rao II, Maratha ruler and the British East India Company | The Marathas became a subsidiary power of the British |
| 1818 CE | Third Anglo-Maratha War | The British East India Company and the Maratha Confederacy | Ended Maratha power and established British dominance in India |
| 1842 CE | Treaty of Nanking | China and the British East India Company | Ended the First Opium War and opened China to British trade |
| 1858 CE | Government of India Act | The British government | Established direct British rule in India |
| 1919 CE | Rowlatt Act | The British government | Gave the British authorities the power to arrest and detain Indians without trial |
| 1930 CE | Civil Disobedience Movement | Mahatma Gandhi and the British government | Protested British rule and led to the Salt March |
| 1947 CE | Indian Independence Act | The British government | Granted India independence from British rule |
| 1950 CE | Constitution of India | The Indian Constituent Assembly | Established India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic |
| 1962 CE | Sino-Indian War | China and India | Ended in a stalemate with China retaining control of Aksai Chin |
| 1965 CE | Indo-Pakistan War | India and Pakistan | Ended in a stalemate with India retaining control of Kashmir |
| 1971 CE | Bangladesh Liberation War | India |
| Year | Treaty/Agreement | Parties Involved | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 CE | Simla Agreement | India and Pakistan | Restored the pre-war status quo and normalized relations between the two countries |
| 1993 CE | Indo-Nepal Friendship Treaty | India and Nepal | Established a close and friendly relationship between the two countries |
| 1996 CE | CTBT | India and other countries | Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear-weapon test explosions |
| 2002 CE | Indo-Pakistani Border Agreement | India and Pakistan | Aimed to prevent armed incidents and reduce tensions along the Line of Control |
| 2008 CE | Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement | India and the United States | Allowed India to purchase nuclear fuel and equipment from the US, despite not being a signatory to the Non-Proliferation Treaty |
| 2010 CE | India-Bangladesh Land Swap Agreement | India and Bangladesh | Ratified in 2015 and exchanged enclaves of land between the two countries to resolve long-standing border disputes |
| 2015 CE | Paris Agreement | India and other countries | An international agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change |
| 2020 CE | India-UAE Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement | India and the United Arab Emirates | Elevated the bilateral relationship to a comprehensive strategic partnership, strengthening cooperation in various sectors, including trade, defense, and counterterrorism |
| 2022 CE | India-Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement | India and Australia | Elevated the bilateral relationship to a comprehensive strategic partnership, strengthening cooperation in areas such as trade, defense, and technology |
some FAQs “A Chronicle of India’s Diplomatic Engagements: Unraveling the Significance of Treaties and Agreements”:
Q: What is the significance of treaties and agreements in Indian history?
A: Treaties and agreements have played a crucial role in shaping India’s diplomatic relations, territorial boundaries, and political alliances throughout its rich history. These accords have facilitated trade, resolved conflicts, and established frameworks for cooperation on various issues, both domestically and internationally.
Q: What are some of the most significant treaties and agreements in Indian history?
A: Several historical treaties have had a profound impact on India’s trajectory, including the Treaty of Bassein (1732), which established British influence in India, the Treaty of Paris (1763), which solidified British dominance in the subcontinent, and the Indian Independence Act (1947), which granted India its independence from British rule.
Q: How did treaties and agreements contribute to India’s development?
A: Treaties and agreements have played a significant role in India’s economic, social, and political development. These accords have facilitated trade, investment, and technology transfer, fostering economic growth and opportunities. They have also addressed social issues such as border disputes and territorial claims, promoting stability and peace.
Q: What are the key features of India’s foreign policy as reflected in its treaties and agreements?
A: India’s foreign policy, as outlined in its treaties and agreements, is characterized by principles of non-alignment, peaceful coexistence, and multilateralism. It seeks to maintain friendly relations with all nations, resolve disputes through dialogue and diplomacy, and contribute to global peace and security.
Q: What are some of the challenges and opportunities for India’s diplomatic engagements in the future?
A: In the evolving geopolitical landscape, India faces challenges such as balancing its relationships with major powers, addressing regional conflicts, and promoting its interests in the global arena. However, it also presents opportunities to strengthen its diplomatic ties, expand its economic partnerships, and play a more prominent role in international affairs.
